英语一历年真题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C],
or [D] on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the term “plant neurobiology’ was （1）_around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be （2） to intelligence in animals. （3） plants lack brains, the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that （4） consciousness, researchers previously reported.
But such an idea is untrue, according to a new opinion article. Plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it （5） so greatly from that of animals that so-called （6） of plants’ intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.
Beginning in 2006, some scientists have （7） that plants possess neuron—like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters, （8） “a plant nervous system, （9） to that in animals,” said lead study author Lincoln Taiz, “They （10） claimed that plants have “brain-like command centers” at their root tips.”
This （11） makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain, （12） it to an array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals. （13） , the signaling in a plant is only （14） similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than “a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,” Taiz said.
“For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold （15） of complexity and capacity is required,” he （16） .” Since plants don’t have nervous systems, the （17） that they have consciousness are effectively zero.”
And what’s so great about consciousness, anyway? Plants can’t run away from （18） , so investing energy in a body system which （19） a threat and can feel pain would be a very （20） evolutionary strategy, according to the article.
1.A.coined B.discovered C.collected D.issued
2.A.attributed B.directed C.compared D.confined
3.A.unless B.when C.once D.though
4.A.cope with B.consisted of C.hinted at D.extended in
5.A.suffers B.benefits C.develops D.differs
6.A.acceptance B.evidence C.cultivation D.creation
7.A.doubted B.denied C.argued D.requested
8.A.adapting B.forming C.repairing D.testing
9.A.analogous B.essential C.suitable D.sensitive
10.A.just B.ever C. still D.even
11.A.restriction B.experiment C.perspective D.demand
12.A.attaching B.reducing C.returning D.exposing
13.A.However B.Moreover C.Therefore D.Otherwise
14.A.temporarily B.literally C.superficially D.imaginarily
15.A.list B.level C.label D.local
16.A.recalled B.agreed C.questioned D.added
17.A.chances B.risks C.excuses D.assumptions
18.A. danger B.failure C.warning D.control
19.A.represents B.includes C.reveals D.recognizes
20.A.humble B.poor C.practical D.easy
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
People often complain that plastics are too durable. Water bottles, shopping bags, and other trash litter the planet, from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench, because plastics are everywhere and don’t break down easily. But some plastic materials change over time. They crack and frizzle. They “weep” out additives. They melt into sludge. All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important objects. The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying: early radios, avant-garde sculptures, celluloid animation stills from Disney films, the first artificial heart.
Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn’t always know how to mix ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten, a polymer chemist who, until retiring a few years ago, worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands. “It’ s like baking a cake: If you don’t have exact amounts, it goes wrong,” she says. “The object you make is already a time bomb.”
And sometimes, it’s not the artist’s fault. In the 1960s, the Italian artist Picro Gilardi began to create hundreds of bright, colorful foam pieces. Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen “nature carpets” -large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins, cabbages, and watermelons. He wanted viewers to walk around on the carpets -which meant they had to be durable.
Unfortunately, the polyurethane foam he used is inherently unstable. It’s especially vulnerable to light damage, and by the mid-1990s, Gilardi’s pumpkins, roses, and other figures were splitting and crumbling. Museums locked some of them away in the dark. So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilardi’s sculptures. They infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals. Van Oosten calls those chemicals “sunscreens” because their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuild worn polymer fibers. She is proud that several sculptures have even gone on display again, albeit sometimes beneath protective cases.
Despite success stories like van Oosten’ s, preservation of plastics will likely get harder. Old objects continue to deteriorate. Worse, biodegradable plastics designed to disintegrate, are increasingly common. And more is at stake here than individual objects. Joana Lia Ferreira, an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science and Technology, notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history – Stone Age, Iron Age, and so on – after examining artifacts in museums. We now live in an age of plastic, she says, “and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve … will have a strong impact on how in the future we’ll be seen.”
21. According to Paragraph 1, museums are faced with difficulties in ______.
[A] maintaining their plastic items
[B] obtaining durable plastic artifacts
[C] handling outdated plastic exhibits
[D] classifying their plastic collections
22. Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects are ______.
[A] immune to decay
[B] improperly shaped
[C] inherently flawed
[D] complex in structure
23. Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardi’s artworks to ______.
[A] keep them from hurting visitors
[B] duplicate them for future display
[C] have their ingredients analyzed
[D] prevent them from further damage
24. The author thinks that preservation of plastics is ______.
[A] costly
[B] unworthy
[C] unpopular
[D] challenging
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The story of Wellington himself also gripped me. Half a century ago his campaigns were considered a central part of the British historical mythology and spoon-fed to schoolboys. More recently this has not been the case, which is a great shame. A generation has grown up
【参考译文】
46. 甚至是许多熟悉这一时期的人都不知道，这也是一场发生在密码制作者与密码破解者之间的斗争。
47. 它列出了许多从驻扎西班牙的法国军队缴获的密码文件，这些文件的秘密已为一名英国总部的军官乔治·斯科维尔的工作所揭露。
48. 他无法仔细分析这位默默无闻的官员可能或不可能对那场国家间的伟大斗争做出什么贡献，也无法告诉我们关于他本人的任何情况。
49. 在拿破仑战争期间，可能有许多间谍和情报官员，但通常很难找到他们实际提供或工作所用到的材料。
50. 正如破译密码在争夺西班牙的斗争中具有更广泛的意义一样，他在晋升阶梯上的尝试也充分说明了英国社会。
Section III Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Write an e-mail to a professor at a British university, inviting him/her to organize a team for the international innovation to be held at your university.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
【参考范文】
Dear professor,
I, as a senior student from Tsinghua, am writing this e-mail to invite you to organize a team for the international innovation which will be held at our university from June 5th to June 10th .
Innovation is the core factor of economic growth and the source of human wealth, but it is accomplished by the outstanding person. Considering that you are a famous professor and has made great achievements in innovation, we do hope you can organize a great team made up of innovative talents to participate in this activity.
Since your presence is of vital importance to our school, I sincerely hope you can come on that day. I am anxiously looking forward to your reply to tell me whether you can be here or not.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
【参考译文翻译】
尊敬的教授，
我是一名来自清华大学的大四学生，我写这封邮件的目的是想邀请您为国际创新大赛组建一个团队，该活动将于6月5日至6月10日在我校举行。
创新是经济增长的核心要素和人类财富的源泉，但它是由杰出的人才完成的。鉴于您是一位著名的教授，并且在创新方面取得了很大的成就，我们非常希望您能组织一支由创新人才组成的优秀团队来参加这次活动。
因为你们的到来对我们学校来说是至关重要的，我真诚地希望你们能在那天按时到来。我急切地期待着您的答复，在回复中您将告诉我你是否能来我们学校。
谨启，
李明
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
【参考范文】
Graphically depicted in the picture is a scene, in which there are two students standing in front of a poster of a campus lecture. The individual on the left airs his perspective that it doesn’t belong to his major and it is useless to listen to the lecture. Conversely, his counterpart holds the opposite idea that it may be useful to our study and growth. We are informed that various folks take different attitudes toward the same scene.
Undoubtedly, the author strives to convey a conspicuous message that we should be a prepared person. It is intensive learning that keeps us continually doing something valuable and admirable in spite of difficulties and discouragement. Besides, not only does a prepared mind makes us be full of energy to face the coming challenges and competitions but also offers us the foundation for the coming success. According to a latest survey conducted by an international organizations, approximately 76.5% of the respondents hold the view that they are willing to learn extensively and to be a prepared person because a theory that opportunities don’t come to those who aren’t prepared.
Weighing up the above several aspects, I suppose that not until we realize the significance of being a prepared person and learning extensively and put this attitude into practice, can we foster it gradually and make a better progress. Therefore, the mass media, such as television and the Internet, should make every effort to propagate and advocate the positive mentality. In addition, as for our college students, we ought to do our part to learn any useful knowledge in our spare time. Only in this way can we embrace a prospective future.
【参考译文翻译】
图画清晰地描述了一个场景，在这个场景中，两个学生站在一张校园讲座的海报前面，左边的学生说：“不是我们专业的，听了也没用。”；相反，另一个学生说：“听了或许也有用。” 不同的人对待同一场景可能会有不同的态度。
毫无疑问，作者向我们传达了一个明显的信息：我们应该做一个有准备的人。尽管有困难的沮丧，但是正是广泛学习使我们不断地做一些有价值和令人钦佩的事情。此外，一个有准备的头脑不仅使我们充满活力以面对未来的挑战和竞争，也为我们未来的成功奠定了基础。根据国际机构做的最新的一项调查，76.5% 的受访者持有的观点是：由于机会总是留给那些有准备的人，所以他们愿意广泛学习，做一个有准备的人。
考虑到这个现象的方方面面，我认为直到我们意识到广泛学习做一个有准备的人的重要性并且付诸实践，我们才能逐渐地培养这种态度并且取得进步。因此，大众媒体，比如电视和网络，应该尽全力去宣传这种积极的心态。此外，作为我们大学生而言，我们应该尽自己的最大努力在空余时间学习有用的知识。只有这样，我们才会拥抱一个更加美好的明天。